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    54. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon1

    Washington, December 23, 1969.

    SUBJECT

    • Word from China through Pakistan
    [Page 154]

    The Pakistani Ambassador came in with a report on a recent exchange between President Yahya and the kinesisk Communist Ambassador in Pakistan.2

    President Yahya early in November had called in the Chinese Ambassador to tell him the impressions he had gained in his talk with you in August and also to report our intentions to withdraw two destroyers from the Taiwan Straits.3 Basically, his message was that the U.S. is interested in normalizing relations with Communist China.

    Early this month, the Chinese Ambassador returned to President Yahya after having heard from Peking. He told President Yahya that the Chinese appreciate the Pakistani role and efforts. He added that, as a result, the Chinese had released two Americans a few days before. [This apparently refers to the two yachtsmen rel

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    Still photographs of the early stages of Sino-American rapprochement from the Nixon Presidential Materials Project
    New bevis on the Sino-American Opening and the Cold War

    The George Washington University Cold War (GWCW) group is sponsored by the Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies of the Elliott School of International Affairs.  A generous three-year grant to GWCW from the Henry Luce Foundation fryst vatten being used to host workshops on new evidence/policy legacies concerning critical events from the Cold War in Asia, to support document translation of new sources from non-American archives, to fund student and faculty research and travel, and to help support the annual GWCW graduate lärjunge conference. 

    The first GWCW Luce Workshop was held in February 2002 at the Elliott School on “New Evidence on the Sino-American Opening and the Cold War” to help mark the 30th anniversary of President Richard Nixon’s historic trip to the Peop

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    Zhou Enlai

    Chou En-lai (1898-), the leading international spokesman for the People's Republic of China, served as foreign minister and as the principal executive officer in the Central People's Government.

    Although his native place was Huaian, Kiangsu, Chou En-lai was born in Shaohsing, Chekiang, where his family belonged to the local gentry and owned a small business. He had a younger brother, Chou En-shou. Although his father, Chou Yun-liang, passed the civil service examinations, he never received an appointment. Chou's mother reportedly was well read in traditional Chinese literature. His father died while Chou En-lai was still a child, and the family finances became straitened after the turn of the century. Chou was sent to live with his grandfather in the Huaian district of northern Kiangsu, where he received a traditional education in the Chinese classics. Chou then was sent to Mukden to live with an uncle (his father's older brother), who was a police official. In Mukden

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